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Linux (Total: 380 words)

Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks in American English, also pronounced /ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-ooks in Europe and Canada) refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers; in 2009 it held a server market share ranging between 20–40%. Most desktop computers run either Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X, with Linux having anywhere from a low of an estimated 1–2% of the desktop market to a high of an estimated 4.8. However, desktop use of Linux has become increasingly popular in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint, and openSUSE distributions and the emergence of netbooks and smartphones running an embedded Linux.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel and all of the supporting software required to run a complete system, such as utilities and libraries, the X Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and the Apache HTTP Server. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser, the OpenOffice.org office application suite and the GIMP image editor.
The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
(From Wikipedia)

Reduced (Total 94 words)

Linux belongs to the family of computer that use Linux kernel. Linux can be installed in different kind of computers. It is well known for its use in server. Most desktop computers run either Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X. However, desktop use of Linux has become popular in recent years. It is a good explanation of OPEN-SOURCE collaboration, because it could be modified by anyone under GNU license. Linux package contains all the necessary to run a complete system. The name Linux comes from the Linux kernel, written in 1991 for Linus Torvalds.

Essay Cause-Effect

EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV

Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.

One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.

Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.

Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much TV.(393 words)



SUMMARY

In the article “Effects of watching too much TV”, the author Oya Ozagac states that every technological device that has been created, people abuse of their benefits and it produces a bad consequence. An example is the TV that it would be created to be helpful to people but it has bring two bad results (physiological and psychological). The main physiological consequences are that watching TV for a long period produces eye-strain and obesity. The more important psychological results are the violence and the lack of interpersonal communication. So, TV has to be used for good purposes: education and entertaining (short period of time). In this manner people can beat the bad consequences of the awful use of the TV. (120 words= 30%)

Wordy Sentences...

ORIGINAL: 201 words

Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, proposed a theory in the eighteenth century that has made him controversial ever since. This British economist, who-was- born in Scotland and educated In England, wrote the first complete study of political economy. The Wealth of Nations was published in the same year that Americans declared their independence from England — that was in 1776. Smith's book pointed out and directed attention to the interdependence of freedom and order, economic processes, and free trade laws. Although his thinking did not really affect economic policies significantly during his lifetime, its influence in the next century was considerable. Among economists, "the invisible hand" and "laissez-faire" are synonymous with Smith's name. History has only made Smith's ideas more controversial. Say "Adam Smith" to conservative businesspeople and those same people will smile and make a response with words like "He was a good man—really understood how business works!" Say "Adam Smith" to liberal reformers, and they will grimace and mutter something along the lines of "He was an evil man —really sold the average citizen down the river." Both, of these reactions are extreme, but such responses indicate that the controversy aroused by Smith's ideas is still alive.

Exercise:171 words

Adam Smith, modern economics founder, proposed a theory in the eighteenth century that has made him controversial ever since. This British econo¬mist, who born in Scotland and educated In England, wrote the first complete political economy study, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith's book pointed out and directed attention to the freedom and order interdependence, economic processes, and free trade laws. Although his thinking did not affect economic policies significantly during his lifetime, its influence in the next century was considerable. Among economists, "the invisible hand" and "laissez-faire" are synonymous with Smith's name. History has made Smith's ideas more controversial. Say "Adam Smith" to conservative businesspeople and those same people will smile and make a response with words like "He was a good man—really understood how business works!" Say "Adam Smith" to liberal reformers, and they will grimace and mutter something along the lines of "He was an evil man — sold the average citizen down the river". These reactions indicate the controversy aroused by Smith's ideas is alive