Last Exercise...

Linux (Total: 380 words)

Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks in American English, also pronounced /ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-ooks in Europe and Canada) refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers; in 2009 it held a server market share ranging between 20–40%. Most desktop computers run either Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X, with Linux having anywhere from a low of an estimated 1–2% of the desktop market to a high of an estimated 4.8. However, desktop use of Linux has become increasingly popular in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint, and openSUSE distributions and the emergence of netbooks and smartphones running an embedded Linux.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel and all of the supporting software required to run a complete system, such as utilities and libraries, the X Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and the Apache HTTP Server. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser, the OpenOffice.org office application suite and the GIMP image editor.
The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
(From Wikipedia)

Reduced (Total 94 words)

Linux belongs to the family of computer that use Linux kernel. Linux can be installed in different kind of computers. It is well known for its use in server. Most desktop computers run either Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X. However, desktop use of Linux has become popular in recent years. It is a good explanation of OPEN-SOURCE collaboration, because it could be modified by anyone under GNU license. Linux package contains all the necessary to run a complete system. The name Linux comes from the Linux kernel, written in 1991 for Linus Torvalds.

Essay Cause-Effect

EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV

Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.

One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.

Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.

Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much TV.(393 words)



SUMMARY

In the article “Effects of watching too much TV”, the author Oya Ozagac states that every technological device that has been created, people abuse of their benefits and it produces a bad consequence. An example is the TV that it would be created to be helpful to people but it has bring two bad results (physiological and psychological). The main physiological consequences are that watching TV for a long period produces eye-strain and obesity. The more important psychological results are the violence and the lack of interpersonal communication. So, TV has to be used for good purposes: education and entertaining (short period of time). In this manner people can beat the bad consequences of the awful use of the TV. (120 words= 30%)

Wordy Sentences...

ORIGINAL: 201 words

Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, proposed a theory in the eighteenth century that has made him controversial ever since. This British economist, who-was- born in Scotland and educated In England, wrote the first complete study of political economy. The Wealth of Nations was published in the same year that Americans declared their independence from England — that was in 1776. Smith's book pointed out and directed attention to the interdependence of freedom and order, economic processes, and free trade laws. Although his thinking did not really affect economic policies significantly during his lifetime, its influence in the next century was considerable. Among economists, "the invisible hand" and "laissez-faire" are synonymous with Smith's name. History has only made Smith's ideas more controversial. Say "Adam Smith" to conservative businesspeople and those same people will smile and make a response with words like "He was a good man—really understood how business works!" Say "Adam Smith" to liberal reformers, and they will grimace and mutter something along the lines of "He was an evil man —really sold the average citizen down the river." Both, of these reactions are extreme, but such responses indicate that the controversy aroused by Smith's ideas is still alive.

Exercise:171 words

Adam Smith, modern economics founder, proposed a theory in the eighteenth century that has made him controversial ever since. This British econo¬mist, who born in Scotland and educated In England, wrote the first complete political economy study, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith's book pointed out and directed attention to the freedom and order interdependence, economic processes, and free trade laws. Although his thinking did not affect economic policies significantly during his lifetime, its influence in the next century was considerable. Among economists, "the invisible hand" and "laissez-faire" are synonymous with Smith's name. History has made Smith's ideas more controversial. Say "Adam Smith" to conservative businesspeople and those same people will smile and make a response with words like "He was a good man—really understood how business works!" Say "Adam Smith" to liberal reformers, and they will grimace and mutter something along the lines of "He was an evil man — sold the average citizen down the river". These reactions indicate the controversy aroused by Smith's ideas is alive

Conciseness

Original: 137 words.
(1) This study went through over 1,600 marginal and end comments written on 110 first drafts of essays by 47 university ESL students who are advanced, considering both the pragmatic goals for and the linguistic features of each comment (2) After this, drafts of each individual essay were examined to observe the influence of the first draft commentary on the students' revisions and assess whether the changes that were made in response to the teacher's feedback actually improved the essays. (3)The author thinks that a really significant proportion of the comments led to substantive student revision, and that there were particular types or kinds and forms of commentary that were more helpful than other commentaries. (4) The final results are suggestive of several important implications for L2 writing instruction and for future studies on a vital but surprisingly neglected topic.

Conciseness: 108 words
(1) This study checked 1,600 marginal and end comments written on 110 drafts of essays by 47 university ESL advanced students, considering pragmatic goals and linguistic features of each comment (2) Later, the drafts were examined to observe the influence of these commentaries on the students' revisions and assess whether the changes that were made in response to the teacher's feedback improved the essays. (3)The author thinks that a big proportion of comments led to substantive student revision, and exist particular types and forms of commentary that were more helpful than others. (4) The consequences are suggestive of several important implications for L2 writing instruction and for future studies about the topic.

A TOURNAMENT OF FIRSTS!!

The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ broke new ground simply by being held on African soil, and with Spain joining the elite club of world champions it delivered two major firsts in the history of the game. Those were the most obvious milestones set at South Africa 2010, but the whole tournament was bursting with unprecedented events in a whole range of areas, from team results to player landmarks. FIFA.com now takes you through a full list of firsts from the global showcase.

Result firsts
Slovenia and Greece both picked up their maiden FIFA World Cup wins in South Africa, with Slovenia downing Algeria 1-0 thanks to a Robert Koren goal and their fellow Europeans seeing off Nigeria 2-1.

Japan also enjoyed a breakthrough win of sorts as their 2-1 victory against Cameroon constituted their first ever FIFA World Cup finals success away from home, eight years after they defeated Tunisia 2-0 in Osaka.

As for New Zealand, their 1-1 opening draw with Slovakia earned them their very first FIFA World Cup point. Having finally opened their account following three straight reverses in 1982, the Kiwis maintained their momentum by securing a 1-1 draw with Italy and a goalless stalemate with Paraguay.

Goal firsts
Dimitrios Salpingidis’s equaliser against Nigeria finally ended Greece’s goal drought at this level, his strike coming after 404 minutes and over four games without a single effort. There was a first for Daniel Agger too, but the Denmark defender would doubtless prefer not to be on this list as his own goal against the Netherlands proved his country’s first on the global stage. In another unwanted precedent, Denmark were also on the receiving end of Japan’s first ever three-goal haul in a FIFA World Cup finals outing.

Adding a further deed to his list of exploits, Didier Drogba became the first African player to score against Brazil in six meetings between A Seleção and teams from the African Zone. Meanwhile, on a slightly more esoteric note, midfielder Michael Bradley became the first FIFA World Cup scorer to be coached by his father when he equalised for the United States in their 2-2 draw with Slovenia.

Penalty firsts
Vladimir Stojkovic can pride himself on being the first Serbian goalkeeper to have kept out a penalty at a FIFA World Cup courtesy of his save to deny Germany’s Lukas Podolski. In contrast, David Villa became the first Spanish player to miss a spot-kick in the tournament when he failed to register against Honduras.

The new world champions can nonetheless lay claim to a more desirable landmark as Iker Casillas became the first goalkeeper to stop penalties in two different FIFA World Cups. The Real Madrid No1 first thwarted the Republic of Ireland’s Ian Harte at Korea/Japan 2002 before frustrating Oscar Cardozo of Paraguay in the quarter-finals.

Mirroring that feat, Asamoah Gyan entered the history books as the first player to miss spot-kicks in separate editions of the competition, following up his failed effort against the Czech Republic at Germany 2006 with another fruitless attempt against Uruguay in the last eight.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

The 2010 FIFA World Cup finished with some statistics or data that never has passed, the most important were...
First Points and Victory
*Slovenia and Greece won for the first time in their history: Slovenia beated to Algeria 1-0 and Greece (2004 European Cup Champions) defeated Nigeria 2-1.
* Japan won for the first time, out of his land, (2-1 Cameroon), 8 years later they won in Osaka, Japan in the 2002 Korea Japan World Cup.
* New Zealand reached their first point in the history of the country in a world cup (Draw 1-1 with Slovakia)and they were the only team that did not lose in the tournament.

Goal First
* Dimitrios Salpingidis scorer for Greece to finish a drought of goals of the european team (404 minutes).
* Danniel Agger scored his first goal too... but against his own team, Denmark!
* Denmark is the first team that received 3 goals of Japan!
* Didier Drogba (Ivory Coast) became the first african player to score against Brazil (6 games between "The Canarinha" and Africans Teams).
* Michael Bradley is the first player that score a goal been training for his father (He plays with USA and his Father is the Coach of this selection).

Penalty First:
*Vladimir Stojkovic became the first goalkeeper from Serbia that stop a penalty (it was against the german Lukas Podolsky).
*David Villa is the first player from Spain that miss a penalty in a World Cup.
* Iker Casillas is the first goalkeeper that stop penalties in two differents World Cup (Korea Japan 2002 against Ireland, and South Africa 2010 Against Paraguay).
* In Comparison.. Asamoah Gyan is the first player that fails penalties in two different World Cup (Germany 2006 Against Czech Republic and this ocassion against Uruguay in final quarters).

First Activity...

Exercise 1

*Despite their massive size, elephants are known for being agile
-Elephants are so big but they are so skilful too.

*Because elephants consume up to 500 pounds of food a day, they are able to strip a forest bare in no time
-Elephants eat a lot of food per day and for this reason they can finish with a forest rapidly.

*Over the centuries, lions have been used in art to represent power and magnificence
-Lions have been symbols of power and majesty a long time ago.

*Lions are social animal with one dominant male in each pride
-Lions are sociable between them, and in every herd it is a major lion or predominant.

*George Washington carver was a dedicated teacher, in addition, he was known as a talent artist, musician, and researcher who made valuable contributions to his people and his country.
-George Washington carver was a great artist and musician, furthermore he helped people with his education and with his benefaction too.

*Archibald McLeish, known for his poetry, was appointed head of the Library of congress by President Roosevelt in 1939.
Archibald McLeish was a good poet and he was named director of the library of the congress by President Roosevelt in his period.

Exercise 2
1. There is plenty of water on the earth. In fact, there is enough water in this planet for everyone to have a huge lake. The trouble is that the water is not always found in the place where it is needed. In addition, much of the water is polluted or salty. Because of these problems, there are many people without sufficient water.
Main idea: Every person must have water to his reach but sometimes it is not in the conditions to use it.

2. New oil supplies need to be found to replace those that have been used up. There is a constant search for new oil fields. Oil hunters sink their wells wherever there are signs of oil. Each of these drillings costs thousands and thousands of dollars, and often there is not enough oil to make it profitable. Nevertheless, the search for new oil never ends.
Main idea: the oil in the field known is finishing, and people must to search new places where found this important resource.

3. Quakers, a religious group known as the Society of Friends, have always worked for human causes. Before the Civil War in The United States, they were against slavery and led the movement to help slaves escape from the southern part of the United States and seek freedom in the northern part. Today, they fight hunger and disease around the globe and still aid people fleeing tyranny and war. Their beliefs are based on the principles of pacifism and simple living.
Main idea: Quakers helped the slavers before the civil war, and fight in these days against tyranny and war.

Exercise 3

Students Rights

1. Main Idea: Students are so important in the elaboration of the curriculum, but they are not take into account.

2. Main Idea: Professors are choose by a committee, but in this committee there are no students.

3. Main Idea: Students do a lot of things for a good preparation or learning but the curriculum is not influenced by them.